Sewer Pipes Guide: PVC, ABS, Clay, Iron, & Orangeburg

 Buried sewer pipes on the property are rarely seen by most homeowners. Few, if any, homeowners ever elect to dig up their yard just to take a cursory look at their sewer pipe. Pipe assessment is never an elective activity. It’s usually forced upon you when the toilets refuse to flush and wastewater comes up instead of going down or cleaning the drain becomes an emergency.

Digging up and replacing your sewer pipe is a major project that destroys landscaping, and costs a lot of money, but it does help you return to life as usual. Understanding what kind of sewer pipe you have helps to minimize the pain a bit since you will know whether you can continue with the same pipe or switch to a different pipe. Often, the type of sewer pipe running through your yard corresponds with the age of your house.

 

Sewer Pipe in Newer vs. Older Homes

Newer Homes

• PVC pipe
• ABS pipe

Older Homes

• Clay pipe
• Cast-iron pipe
• Orangeburg
• PVC or ABS sewer pipe (retroactive)

 

Sewer Pipes Found With Newer Homes

Homes built from the 1970s onwards tend to have plastic PVC or ABS sewer pipes. In some rare instances, you may find older cast-iron or clay sewer lines at a new house. The new house (and even some remodeled houses) will often have new pipes installed within the house envelope itself and extending a few feet into the yard. The yard area is where the old sewer pipe will start up again and continue all the way to the city sewer main.

In most new sewer line installations, you may find yourself being steered in the direction of PVC or ABS plastic pipe over clay and cast-iron. While the plastic pipe is undoubtedly easier to work with, clay and iron have strong points, such as longer lifespans and strength (for the iron, not for clay).

 

Sewer Pipes Found With Older Homes

In older properties built before the 1950s, you might find buried clay pipe, cast-iron pipes, or fiber conduit pipes called Orangeburg.

Older homes might even have newer PVC or ABS plastic sewer pipes. As the years wear on, sewer systems deteriorate. When replacement happens, it typically will happen with whatever sewer pipe is in favor at the time. For newer replacements, the sewer pipe will usually be PVC or ABS plastic pipe.

Do you need to replace old sewer pipes? Clay and cast-iron are older types of sewer piping and can remain in the ground as long as they are still moving the waste with no leaks. Orangeburg sewer pipe is worth replacing if you have the ground opened up, even if the Orangeburg appears to be in good shape.

If you’re not certain about the condition of your sewer pipe, you can always order a non-invasive video pipe inspection. A video line is sent down the sewer line. Breaks and cracks can be detected. In clean sections, the type of sewer pipe can usually be identified, too.

 

5 Types of Sewer Pipe

Basic Types

• PVC: White thin-walled plastic
• ABS: Black thin-walled plastic
• Cast-Iron: Thick metal, often corroded
• Clay: Ceramic, similar material to a flower pot
• Orangeburg: Wood-fiber conduit; rare but still sometimes found

 

Plastic (PVC and ABS) Sewer Pipe

Plastic sewer pipe for underground installations is available in both ABS and PVC. Both types of pipe have smooth interiors for an excellent carrying capacity of solid waste matter.

The smooth exteriors also help resist (but not entirely prevent) root anchorage. Yet PVC does have low pressure ratings: about 100 psi for 4-inch pipe.

Plastic sewer pipe in 4-inch diameter is usually the material of choice for do-it-yourselfers since it is lightweight, easy to cut, inexpensive, and available at all home centers. As an added benefit, plastic pipe can be tied into cast-iron and clay pipe. PVC sewer pipes are expected to last about 100 years underground.

Pros

• Smooth interiors and exteriors
• Root-resistant
• Easy to cut and lightweight
• Inexpensive

Cons

• Low-pressure rating
• Easily degrades from chemical reactions
• Contains chemicals
• Can break when frozen or warp in excessive heat

 Lee Wallender

 

Cast-Iron Sewer Pipe

Cast-iron sewer pipe, like clay pipe, is associated with older homes, yet it is still installed today.

One of the best things about cast iron pipe is its internal strength against high pressures. A 4-inch diameter sewer pipe can withstand well over 350 psi. By contrast, clay, ABS, and PVC pipe are all subject to breakage.1

While sewer pipes are never pressurized, pressure ratings are a good indicator of overall pipe tensile strength.

Cast-iron sewer pipe is heavy and difficult for a do-it-yourselfer to cut. To cut a cast-iron pipe in the ground, you need a soil pipe cutter, a specialty tool that can be rented from supply houses for a small fee.

Cast iron pipe is non-flammable. This is not an issue for below-ground installations. But should you decide to continue the cast-iron into the house, you can feel secure knowing that cast-iron pipe will not melt in a fire.

Pros

• Extremely strong
• Non-flammable
• Long lifespan
• Still used today

Cons

• Heavy
• Tough to cut
• Corrodes/oxidizes
• Costly to replace

Cast-Iron Sewer Pipe

 

Clay Sewer Pipe

Vitrified clay sewer pipe is still laid today, though as a do-it-yourself homeowner, you probably will not want to choose this for your sewer line replacement. Clay pipe is heavy and tricky to cut. Often, your choice of sewer pipe is dictated by what your home improvement store has on hand, and none of the major retailers carry clay pipe.

While clay pipe may seem archaic, it is a viable form of sewer pipe. One great benefit of clay pipe over plastic pipe is that it is inert, making it highly resistant to chemical degradation.

Because clay sewer pipe has a porous surface, it tends to attract tree roots. Roots that impinge on clay pipe may eventually cause the pipe to crack. Leaks can attract roots. Once a crack is established in the clay sewer pipe, roots tend to be encouraged to infiltrate the pipe.

Pros

• Resistant to chemical degradation
• Environmentally friendly material
• Economical
• Strong and durable

Cons

• Heavy
• Tricky to cut and join
• Porous, attracts roots
• Can crack

 Lee Wallender

 

Orangeburg Sewer Pipe

Flawless, pristine Orangeburg sewer pipe is not something you often see. Typically, you find Orangeburg sewer pipe in a collapsed state after you dig up your malfunctioning sewer line.

Orangeburg, a fiber conduit pipe, was manufactured from wood fibers bound with a special water-resistant adhesive, then impregnated with liquefied coal tar pitch. Orangeburg was favored by many plumbers of the time because it was lightweight to carry and easy to cut with a regular wood saw. Builders and homeowners liked Orangeburg because it cost about two-thirds less than cast-iron pipe.

The heyday for Orangeburg sewer pipe was from 1946 to 1972, as evidenced by newspaper advertisements promoting the product. One ad from 1949 says: “Once installed, it gives lifetime service in house to sewer or house to septic tank connections…and other non-pressure uses. That’s because Orangeburg pipe is built of time-defying materials…”

Fiber conduit pipe that was properly bedded in sand and pea gravel to reduce stress will last longer than poorly prepared installations. Most Orangeburg has a lifespan of no more than 50 years so it is rare to find it anymore.

Pros

• Lightweight
• Easy to cut
• Low-cost

Cons

• Short lifespan
• Rarely found in homes
• Deforms, warps, and deteriorates easily

 thurdl01/Flickr/CC BY 2.0

 

Which Sewer Pipe Is Right for Your Home?

Choosing a pipe during repairs or a new build depends on local codes, the logistics of your property, how easy it is to replace, and cost. Most of the time, you will be urged to install PVC sewer pipes for most drainage projects because the material